References and Resources
We've included links below to the references used in our publications. Where possible, we've included references that are easy to understand for the average person. We encourage you to share this page with clients looking for more information on topics.
References are grouped by topic or book theme.
Labor and Birth
These references and resources correspond to the Labor and Birth chapter of Preparing for Birth.
Physiological changes in pregnancy, Cardiovascular Journal of Africa
Pregnancy Test: When To Take, Types & Accuracy, Cleveland Clinic
Pregnancy weight gain: What's healthy?. Mayo Clinic
Relaxin in Human Pregnancy, Ann N Y Acad Sci
Endocrinology of Pregnancy, NIH
The physiology and pharmacology of oxytocin in labor and in the peripartum period, AJOG
Methods for Estimating the Due Date, ACOG
Pregnancy Length May Vary by 5 Weeks, Journal of the American Medical Association
Definition of Term Pregnancy, ACOG
Evidence on: Inducing for Due Dates, Evidence Based Birth
Healthy Birth Practice #1: Let Labor Begin on Its Own, The Journal of Perinatal Education
Evaluation of Gestation, Medscape
Contractions: Pregnancy, How They Feel & How Long They Last, Cleveland Clinic
Early Signs and Symptoms of Labor, MedicineNet
Normal Labor and Delivery, Medscape
Stages of labor, March of Dimes
Labor and delivery, postpartum care
What is the second stage of labour?, NCT
Baby Crowning: What (and When) Is It and What Does It Feel Like?, Healthline
Evidence on: Birthing Positions - Evidence Based Birth®
Pushing/bearing down methods for the second stage of labour, Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
Midwives' approaches to early pushing urge in labour, British Journal of Midwifery
Localization of Catecholaminergic Neurofibers in Pregnant Cervix as a Possible Myometrial Pacemaker
Delivering the placenta in the third stage of labour, Cochrane Summaries
Special Tests for Monitoring Fetal Health, ACOG
Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring Guidelines Updated, Medscape
Evidence Based Fetal Monitoring, Evidence Based Birth
Use of intrauterine pressure catheters, UpToDate
Evidence on: IV Fluids During Labor, Evidence Based Birth
Restricting oral fluid and food intake during labour, Cochrane
Vital Signs (Body Temperature, Pulse Rate, Respiration Rate, Blood Pressure)
Epidural analgesia in labor: A narrative review, International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetric
Use Your BRAIN When Communicating with Your Care Provider About Birth, Lamaze
Induction of Labor, StatPearls
Research and Evidence, National Partnership for Women & Families
Induction of Labor and Risk of Postpartum Hemorrhage in Low Risk Parturients, PLOS ONE
Review of Evidence-Based Methods for Successful Labor Induction, J Midwifery Womens Health
Membrane Sweep: Benefits, Risks & How It Works, Cleveland Clinic
Foley Bulb Induction: What To Expect & Success Rate, Cleveland Clinic
Cervical Ripening and Induction of Labor, AAFP
Amniotomy alone for induction of labour
Amniotomy for shortening spontaneous labour, Cochrane
Natural Labor Induction Series, Evidence Based Birth
Acupuncture for induction of labour, Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews
Evidence on Suspected Big Babies, Evidence Based Birth®
Evidence on: Induction or C-section for a Big Baby?, Evidence Based Birth®
Preeclampsia: Toxemia, Causes, Symptoms & Risk Factors, Cleveland Clinic
Postterm Pregnancy: Beyond the Basics, UpToDate
Evidence on: Inducing for Due Dates, Evidence Based Birth®
Ultrasonography in Biophysical Profile, Medscape
Using a Simplified Bishop Score to Predict Vaginal Delivery, NCBI
Evidence on: Premature Rupture of Membranes, Evidence Based Birth®
Premature Rupture of Membranes (at Term), Medscape
Defining and Managing Normal and Abnormal Second Stage of Labor, ScienceDirect
First and Second Stage Labor Management, ACOG
Variations of Labor, Sutter Health
Clinical Significance of Precipitous Labor, Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
How to Deliver a Baby in Case of Emergency, VeryWellHealth
Episiotomy and Repair, Medscape
Selective versus routine use of episiotomy for vaginal birth, Cochrane
Chorioamnionitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment, Cleveland Clinic
Evidence on: Group B Strep in Pregnancy, Evidence Based Birth®
Meconium Aspiration Syndrome, Medscape
Intrapartum Fetal Monitoring, AFP
Your baby in the birth canal, Medline Plus
Fetal presentation before birth, Mayo Clinic
Breech Baby: Causes, Complications, Turning & Delivery, Cleveland Clinic
Moxibustion for turning a baby in breech position, Cochrane
External cephalic version for breech presentation before term, Cochrane
What Every Pregnant Woman Needs to Know About Cesarean Section, Childbirth Connection
Patient education: C-section (cesarean delivery) (Beyond the Basics), UpToDate
FastStats - Births - Method of Delivery, CDC
WHO statement on caesarean section rates, World Health Organization
Lowering Your Chance of Cesarean Birth, Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health
Your Biggest C-Section Risk May Be Your Hospital, Consumer Reports
Evidence on Friedman's Curve and Failure to Progress, Evidence Based Birth®
Choosing the route of delivery after cesarean birth, UpToDate
Vaginal Birth After Cesarean Delivery, Medscape
Vaginal Birth After Cesarean Delivery (VBAC), ACOG
Comfort Measures
These references and resources correspond to Finding Comfort and the Comfort Measures chapter of Preparing for Birth.
Continuous support for women during childbirth, Cochrane
Evidence on Doulas, Evidence Based Birth®
Quantifying the association between doula care and maternal and neonatal outcomes, AJOG
Baby Go-Time: Advice for Dads and Other Support People, Cleveland Clinic
Most healthy women would benefit from light meal during labor, ASAHQ
Eating and drinking in labour, Cochrane
Physical therapy assistance in labor: A systematic review and meta-analysis, ScienceDirect
Complementary and alternative therapies for pain management in labour, Cochrane
Nonpharmacologic approaches for pain management during labor compared with usual care, Birth
16 Helpful Distractions to Get You Through Labor, Lamaze
The Role of Hormones in Childbirth, National Partnership for Women & Families
Moving Beyond the 0–10 Scale for Labor Pain Measurement, Anesthesia & Analgesia
Massage in labour, BabyCentre UK
Pregnancy and labor massage, Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology
Waterbirth Fundamentals for Clinicians
Immersion in water in labour and birth, Cochrane
Water Immersion during Labor for Pain Relief, Evidence Based Birth®
The Evidence on Waterbirth, Evidence Based Birth®
Immersion in Water During Labor and Delivery, ACOG
Can Slow Deep Breathing Reduce Pain? An Experimental Study Exploring Mechanisms, ScienceDirect
Vocalization in the First and Second Stages of Labour: A Scoping Review Protocol, MDPI
Hypnosis for pain management during labour and childbirth, Cochrane
Practices used by midwives during the second stage of labor to facilitate birth, ScienceDirect
Acupuncture in the management of pain in labor, Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
Pain management for women in labour – an overview, Cochrane
Outcomes of Pregnant Patients with Low Back Pain Undergoing Chiropractic Treatment, BMC
Pregnancy and chiropractic: a narrative review of the literature, NCBI
Sterile water injections for the relief of pain in labour, Cochrane
Labor and Delivery, Analgesia, Regional and Local, Medscape
Epidural versus non‐epidural or no analgesia for pain management in labour, Cochrane
Effects of IV Opioids during Labor, Evidence Based Birth®
Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour, Cochrane
Epidural – Everything You Should Know About It, American Pregnancy Association
Nitrous Oxide for Labor Analgesia: What We Know to Date, Ochsner Journal
Pregnancy
These references and resources correspond to Healthy Pregnancy.
Exercise During Pregnancy, ACOG
Pregnancy Nutrition: Foods to avoid during pregnancy, Mayo Clinic
How to Avoid Emotional Stress During Pregnancy, Verywell Mind
Fetus to Mom: You're Stressing Me Out!, WebMD
Eating During Pregnancy, KidsHealth from Nemours
Health and Nutrition Information, MyPlate
Pregnancy diet: Focus on these essential nutrients, Mayo Clinic
Birth Approaches and Healthcare
These references and resources correspond to Birth Choices.
ACNM Responds to Release of ARRIVE Trial Study Results
Alliance for Innovation on Maternal Health Program (AIM)
Continuous Support for Women During Childbirth, Cochrane Library
Choosing the right health care provider for pregnancy and childbirth, MedlinePlus
Midwifery linked to better birth outcomes in state-by-state report cards, Science Daily
National Vital Statistics Report: Final Birth Data for 2021, CDC
Access to Maternity Providers: Midwives and Birth Centers, MACPAC
The Credentials CNM and CM, American College of Nurse-Midwives
Postpartum
These references and resources correspond to the Postpartum Recovery chapter of Settling In with Baby and the Life with Baby chapter of Preparing for Birth.
Postpartum: Stages, Symptoms & Recovery Time, Cleveland Clinic
Skin-to-Skin Contact, La Leche League
Delivering the placenta in the third stage of labour, Cochrane
Human placentophagy: a review, Am J Obstet Gynecol
What are Postpartum Chills?, Cleveland Clinic
Vaginal Tears During Childbirth, Cleveland Clinic
Postpartum care: What to expect after a vaginal birth, Mayo Clinic
Diastasis Recti (Abdominal Separation): Symptoms & Treatment, Cleveland Clinic
Sex after pregnancy: Set your own timeline, Mayo Clinic
Warning signs to look for after having a baby, March of Dimes
3 Conditions to Watch for After Childbirth, ACOG
Postpartum blood clots and bleeding: What to expect, Medical News Today
Cesarean Delivery, Medline Plus
Reducing Discomfort After Cesarean Birth Using Abdominal Binders, MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs.
How to speed up recovery from a cesarean delivery, Medical News Today
Optimizing Postpartum Care, Committee Opinion Number 736, ACOG
How To Tell if It's Postpartum Depression or Baby Blues, Cleveland Clinic
Postpartum Anxiety, The Journal for Nurse Practitioners
Postpartum Depression, Mayo Clinic
Postpartum Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, PSI
Postpartum Mood Disorders: A Short Review, JSAFOG
Pregnancy and Postpartum Mental Health, Postpartum Support International
Birth Trauma and Maternal Mental Health Fact Sheet, MMHLA
Body Image Dissatisfaction as a Risk Factor for Postpartum Depression, Medicina
Postpartum Psychosis: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment, Cleveland Clinic
Postpartum doulas: Motivations and perceptions of practice, Midwifery
Postnatal quality of care measures for mothers and newborns at home: A scoping review, PLOS
WHO recommendations on maternal and newborn care for a positive postnatal experience, WHO
What matters to women in the postnatal period: A meta-synthesis of qualitative studies, PLOS
An Introduction to API's Eight Principles, Attachment Parenting International
Nutrition Recommendations in Pregnancy and Lactation, ScienceDirect
Maternal Diet and Breastfeeding | Breastfeeding special circumstances, CDC
Exercise After Pregnancy, ACOG
Postpartum Exercise, ACSM's Health & Fitness Journal
Postpartum Care: An Approach to the Fourth Trimester, AFP
What to Expect at a Postpartum Checkup—And Why the Visit Matters, ACOG
Newborn Care
These references and resources correspond to Newborn Care, the Your Newborn chapter of Settling In with Baby and the Life with Baby chapter of Preparing for Birth.
Uninterrupted Skin-to-Skin Contact Immediately After Birth, Medscape
Breastfeeding Your Baby: Getting Started, AAP
Breast Crawl: A Scientific Overview - Initiation of Breastfeeding by Breast Crawl
Neonatal Resuscitation: Updated Guidelines from the American Heart Association
Delayed Umbilical Cord Clamping After Birth, ACOG
Guideline: Delayed Cord Clamping, WHO
The Evidence on: Erythromycin Eye Ointment for Newborns, Evidence Based Birth
Vitamin K and the Newborn Infant, AAP
The First Day of Life (for Parents), Nemours KidsHealth
Skin barrier in the neonate, Pediatric Dermatology
How often should you bathe a newborn?, Medical News Today
Hepatitis B Vaccine: What Parents Need to Know, Healthy Children
Newborn Screening, Medline Plus
Early Hearing Detection and Intervention Provider Education Center
Data and Statistics About Hearing Loss in Children
Newborn Hearing Screening FAQs, Healthy Children
Circumcision: A Parent's Choice, HealthyChildren
Patient education: Jaundice in newborn infants (Beyond the Basics), UpToDate
Low Birthweight, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
Prematurity, Stanford Medicine Children's Health
Meconium Aspiration Syndrome, Hopkins Medicine
Nutrition for the micro preemie: Beyond milk, Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine
Getting to Know Your Newborn, KidsHealth
Newborn Measurements, Stanford Medicine Children's Health
WHO growth standards for use in US infants and children birth to 2 years
Your Baby's Head, Healthy Children
What Causes Breast Buds in Babies?, MedicineNet
Hormonal effects in newborns, Medline Plus
Your Baby's Hearing, Vision, and Other Senses: 1 Month, KidsHealth
Infant Vision: Birth to 24 Months of Age, American Optometric Association
Infant Vision Development: What Can Babies See?, Healthy Children
About Infant and Toddler Nutrition | Infant and Toddler Nutrition, CDC
See the Breastfeeding Topic
Infant formula: 7 steps to prepare it safely, Mayo Clinic
Feeding Guide for the First Year, Johns Hopkins Medicine
Safe Sleep Environment | Safe to Sleep®, US Dept of Health and Humans Services, NIH
Sleep and Your Newborn (for Parents), Nemours KidsHealth
Cosleeping Safely, Ask Dr. Sears
Exclusive Breastfeeding, Pacifiers and Safe Sleep, BFUSA
Skin-to-Skin Contact: Benefits and Tips
Responding To Your Baby's Cries, AAP
Science Proves You Can't Hold Your Baby Too Much
To have and to hold: Effects of physical contact on infants and their caregivers, ScienceDirect
Baby Carriers and Other Equipment, International Hip Dysplasia Institute
Baby Carriers: Backpacks, Front Packs & Slings, Healthy Children
Benefits of Tummy Time, Safe to Sleep®
Communication and Your Newborn (for Parents), Nemours KidsHealth
Infantile Colic: Recognition and Treatment, AFP
Shaken Baby Syndrome, Mayo Clinic
Diapering Your Baby, KidsHealth
Baby bath basics: A parent's guide, Mayo Clinic
Bathing a newborn, Raising Children Network
Nailing It: How to Trim Your Baby's Fingernails, Healthy Children
Why It’s Important to Take Care of Baby Teeth, Healthy Children
Oral Health Tips for Children, CDC
Umbilical Cord Care: Do’s and Don’ts for Parents, Mayo Clinic
Umbilical Hernia in Babies & Children, Healthy Children
Tips for Dressing Your Baby, Healthy Children
Keeping newborns and children under 5 years clean and safe, WHO
Information on Safety in the Home & Community for Parents with Infants & Toddlers (Ages 0-3), CDC
Car Seats and Booster Seats, NHTSA
Child and Adolescent Immunization Schedule by Age, CDC
Make the Most of Your Baby’s Visit to the Doctor (Ages 0 to 11 Months), OASH
Schedule of Well-Child Care Visits, AAP
CDC’s Developmental Milestones, CDC
Common Infant and Newborn Problems, Medline Plus
How to Take Your Child's Temperature , AAP
RSV: When It's More Than Just a Cold, Healthy Children
11 Common Conditions in Newborns, Healthy Children
When to use the emergency room - child, MedlinePlus
Immune system: development and acquisition of immunological competence, ScienceDirect
Breastfeeding
These references and resources correspond to Breastfeeding Your Baby, the Breastfeeding chapter of Settling In with Baby and the Life with Baby chapter of Preparing for Birth.
Breastfeeding and Breast Milk, NICHD
Protocols, Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine
Breastfeeding, OASHBreastfeeding anatomy illustration, UpToDate
Mental Health Benefits of Breastfeeding: A Literature Review, Cureus
The Maternal Health Benefits of Breastfeeding, AAFP
Protective effect of breastfeeding with regard to children's behavioral and cognitive problems, NCBI
Human Milk Composition: Nutrients and Bioactive Factors, NCBI
Early skin‐to‐skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants, Cochrane
Breast Crawl: A Scientific Overview - Initiation of Breastfeeding by Breast Crawl
Breastfeeding Your Baby: Getting Started, AAP
Lie Back and Relax! A Look at Laid-Back Breastfeeding
Breastfeeding your newborn - what to expect in the early weeks, KellyMom
Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative
Pacifiers: Are they good for your baby?, Mayo Clinic
Nipple Confusion, La Leche League
Breastfeeding: AAP Policy Explained, HealthyChildren.org
How Much Milk Your Baby Needs, WIC
How Much and How Often to Breastfeed | Infant and Toddler Nutrition, CDC
Latching and Positioning Resources, KellyMom
Newborn Lip Blisters: What Causes Them and When To Seek Care, Cleveland Clinic
Flutter Sucking and Comfort Nursing, Breastfeeding Support
Effective Sucking, Stanford Medicine Children's Health
The Phases of Breast Milk, WIC
Physiology, Lactation, StatPearls
Physiology, Breast Milk, StatPearls
Average Weight Gain for Breastfed Babies, KellyMom
Breastfeeding and Infant Growth Standards, CDC
Sore Nipples or Breasts? KellyMom
Engorgement, WIC Breastfeeding Support
What to know about inverted nipples, Medical News Today
Flat or Inverted Nipples, Breastfeeding Basics
Increasing Your Milk Supply, Breastfeeding Basics
Increasing Milk Supply, Ask Dr. Sears
Milk Volume, Nutrition During Lactation
Foremilk and hindmilk - what does this mean?, Kelly Mom
Plugged Ducts and Mastitis, KellyMom.com
Thrush and Breastfeeding Signs, Symptoms and Treatment, VeryWell Family
Tell Me About Tongue Ties! Breastfeeding USA
Maxillary Frenulum in Newborns: Association with Breastfeeding, Wiley Online Library
Breastfeeding Difficulties and Risk for Early Breastfeeding Cessation, Nutrients
Hand Expression of Breast Milk, Stanford School of Medicine
Maximizing Milk Production with Hands-On Pumping, Stanford Medicine
Breast Pump Types & What To Know, Cleveland Clinic
Breast Milk Storage and Preparation, CDC
Breastfeeding Nutrition: Tips for Moms, Mayo Clinic
Breastfeeding and medications: What's safe?, Mayo Clinic
What Medications Are Safe While Breastfeeding?, Cleveland Clinic
What is weaning and how do I do it?, USDHHS
Breastfeeding & Solid Foods: Working Together, HealthyChildren.org
What Is Baby-Led Weaning (BLW)?, Cleveland Clinic
Foods to avoid giving babies and young children, NHS
Why Can’t Babies Have Water?, Cleveland Clinic
Breastfeeding Past Infancy: Fact Sheet, KellyMom
Breastfeeding During Pregnancy and Tandem Nursing, La Leche League
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